Naturopathic Medicine for Osteoporosis

Osteoporosis is a degenerative condition in which the bones become fragile, brittle, and prone to breakage. Fractures of these porous bones occur most frequently in the hips, wrists, and spine. According to naturopathy, osteoporosis results from an imbalance between the ingestion and absorption of calcium into the body and its excretion. This loss of bone-building materials occurs as the body ages, and is particularly prevalent among post-menopausal women. 

Osteoporosis may not be painful in its earliest stages; however, as the condition progresses symptoms may include severe back pain, loss of height, a stooping posture, and debilitating fractures. Osteoporosis more frequently occurs with advancing age, a more sedentary lifestyle, and with acceleration of mineral loss and the breakdown of bones.

In a healthy individual, bones are broken down and reformed about every three months, a process called remodeling. By age 25-30, an individual reaches what is called “peak bone mass,” after which more bone is lost than is formed. As the individual ages, the risk of osteoporosis increases. The onset of osteoporosis depends to some extent on the base level of peak bone mass achieved earlier in life. The early stage of this process of progressive bone loss is called osteopaenia.

Naturopathic Medicine Treatment for Osteoporosis

Naturopathic medicine offers a variety of natural treatments to help combat and reverse osteoporosis, including diet changes, nutritional supplementation, exercise, hydrotherapy, and herbal medicine.

With osteoporosis, the naturopathic principle of prevention through a healthy diet rich in bone-building nutrients and a routine of weight-bearing exercise is of primary importance. Bone strength reaches its peak by age 30 and decreases gradually as a person ages. Even after osteoporosis is diagnosed, applying naturopathic principles of diet and exercise can minimize the progressive loss of bone density and promote healing.

Diet and Nutrition for Osteoporosis

Naturopathic approaches to treatment of osteoporosis will first consider the individual’s dietary habits. Certain foods and drugs may slow the absorption of the calcium necessary for healthy bones. Osteoporosis is best prevented by adequate intake of calcium-rich foods and vitamin D, naturally available through sunlight.

Certain foods and supplements may help prevent or delay onset of osteoporosis or minimize its damage and should be included in the diet:

• Fresh fruits and vegetables
• Green leafy vegetables such as collard, kale, turnip, and dandelion greens
• Salmon, halibut, tuna and sardines
• Flax seed oil
• Raw, unsalted nuts and seeds, particularly sesame
• Garlic, onions, eggs, avocado
• Nutritional supplements such as calcium, magnesium and Vitamins D and K-2 and Strontium citrate

Certain foods and substances that interfere with calcium absorption include:

• Nicotine products
• Carbonated sodas, alcohol and caffeinated drinks
• Excessive salt and sugar
• Foods high in oxalic acid (oxylates), such as spinach, rhubarb, beet greens, chard, and almonds
• Red meat and dairy products

Red meat and dairy products interfere with the absorption of calcium because they contain high amounts of protein. The more protein a person consumes, the less calcium is absorbed by the body. Most Americans eat a diet very rich in protein, primarily from animal products. Increasing calcium intake or decreasing protein intake can help offset this dietary imbalance.

Exercise for Osteoporosis

A diagnosis of osteoporosis may require some change in one’s exercise routine to minimize damage to a weakened skeletal structure. Continued exercise is important for overall health. It is best to consult with a naturopathic physician to determine one’s level of skeletal strength before initiating strenuous exercise routines. Following a diagnosis of osteoporosis, one should develop an exercise routine that includes:

• Flexibility exercises to increase joint mobility
• Low impact aerobic exercises such as brisk walking, swimming, dancing and bicycling
• Exercises to strengthen muscles and help slow bone mineral loss
• Yoga increases flexibility and balance

With osteoporosis, one should avoid high impact exercises such as jogging and jumping, as well as exercises that involve forceful twisting movements. These may lead to compression injuries of the spine.

Hydrotherapy and Osteoarthritis

Hydrotherapy is used extensively in naturopathic medicine and is particularly helpful in the treatment of osteoporosis. Constitutional hydrotherapy involves the application of hot and cold applications to detoxify the body and improve circulation.

'VITALITY' in Naturopathic Medicine

The philosophical perspective on which the naturopathic clinical approach is based is that of vitalism. According to vitalist philosophy, living beings are not machines running according to strict cause-and-effect relations, but are beings whose existence is guided by a single vital force.

This runs contrary to the “mechanistic” view underlying conventional medicine, which is based on the principle that it is possible to subdivide the body into components and analyze their function independently of the rest of the body. Following this subdivision, medical scientists commonly ‘put it all back together’ and assume that the models they have just created correctly represents real-life patients.

Sometimes their models are sufficiently true-to-reality, and conventional methods then prove effective. But often enough their models will not accurately represent the patients in front of them, and in such cases medicine will not provide adequate solutions.

What we’re made of ?

While vitalists admit that the mechanistic perspective of modern medicine is often very useful, they insist that it is limiting in many cases and ultimately incorrect. Vitalists claim that a more accurate way of analyzing people is by noticing their pattern of being.

Each of us is imbued with a vital force which guides and unifies our being. Its components are not body organs, tissues, cells, and molecules, but components such as: 

• heredity
• early childhood environment
• family relationships
• social environment
• temperament (psychological tendencies, strengths, weaknesses)
• past medical interventions
• past physical or psychological trauma
• stressful life transitions
• food intake
• physical activity, and
• exposure to environmental toxins.

Together these constitute the complex web of interacting factors that form the corporeal (physical) and spiritual (non-physical) self.

What is vitality?

Vitalists and non-vitalists differ in their understanding of health. Mainstream scientists and modern medicine (following a non-vitalist philosophy) reject the non-physical self, while vitalists embrace it. Although many scientists believe in elements of the vitalist tradition, when they publicly discuss psychological phenomena they usually insist that they are talking simply of the operations of the brain. But vitalists analyze bodily illness mainly in terms of the spiritual factors that might be contributing to it.

In other words, the person’s spirit or vital force determines the health of the body in a very real way. Vitalists point to the fact that we often feel better or worse depending on the extent to which we are able to be the masters of our life, especially during times of stress. Disease, accoring to vitalists, is simply a more advanced stage of the stress that we exhibit when we persistently fail in the pursuit of physical and spiritual goals.

Clinical implications of vitalist philosophy

The vitalist philosophical perspective translates into naturopathic treatment methods that do not target symptoms directly but instead strive to shift the organism away from its current state toward a state of better overall health. In fact, interventions that target symptoms without addressing the underlying pattern are generally regarded as non-ideal or ‘suppressive’ and are used only as temporary measures.

Ultimately, the attainment of better health commonly requires one to stop chasing symptoms as they arise but instead focus on fundamental, long-term improvement, even at the cost of short-term suffering. That, this strategy is often capable of re-establishing a healthy state. 

NeuroMuscular Therapy

Integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy (NMT) is a comprehensive system of soft-tissue manipulation techniques that were developed in the 1930s in England by Dr Stanley Lief. Lief trained in the United States as a chiropractor and naturopathic physician. The integrative discipline that he developed, with additional insights from bodywork professionals Leon Chaitow, Raymond Nimmo, John Upledger, Janet Travell and others, balances the central nervous system with the structure and form of the musculoskeletal system. NMT is based on neurological laws that explain how the central nervous system maintains homoeostatic balance, and in many cases, eliminates the cause of a person's acute to chronic myofascial pain and dysfunction. Through the application of modern-day integrative NMT procedures, which include cranio-sacral therapy, myofascial release, positional release and trigger point therapy, homoeostasis is restored between the nervous and musculoskeletal systems. Integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy enhances the function of joints, muscles, and the biomechanics of the body, and speeds healing by facilitating the release of the body's natural pain killers, endorphins. Applications of NMT Patients who suffer from acute to chronic pain resulting from occupational, sports and/or automobile injuries, benefit from receiving integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy. Specific types of dysfunctions and repetitive motion and accumulative traumas respond well to this treatment, including sciatica, rotator cuff dysfunction, carpal tunnel and thoracic outlet syndrome, temporomandibular joint dysfunction and migraines. Integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy is also utilised in certain types of physical and sexual abuse-related traumas. Integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy approaches healing from a holistic perspective (mind/body) creating long-term results. One of the premises governing NeuroMuscular Therapy is that the procedures utilised should stimulate the body to heal on its own. Once this healing has begun, NeuroMuscular Therapy can be used to stimulate soft-tissue repair in specific areas, while simultaneously addressing some of the perpetuating factors causing the patient's pain. In this manner, a whole body approach to healing is achieved. Assessment A NeuroMuscular Therapist utilises many tools to achieve this holistic goal, some of which involve assessing a patient's conditions and some of which involve treatment. The first step is to look at the perpetuating factors that are creating or prolonging a patient's pain. Age, stress, response to prior therapies, pre-existing conditions, family history, nutrition, diet and exercise all play a role in the patient's ability to work in partnership with the therapist. The therapist determines which specific tool or tools will be utilised by assessing postural distortion and biomechanical dysfunction, the presence of ischaemia and trigger points, and by determining the presence of nerve compression and or entrapment in the soft tissue(s). Postural distortion can be recognised by a raised, and in many cases, anteriorly rotated ilium, arm and hand, accentuated by an anterior rotation of the shoulder, that creates an abduction of the arm. (see photos 1-3 below). In this case, the cervical spine rotates, thereby compensating for the rotation in the pelvis. This can cause lower back and neck pain. The condition would be treated by pelvic facilitation, which is a three-dimensional approach to the release of soft-tissue constrictions. The NeuroMuscular Therapist must always work within the limitations of a patient's health. For example, if a patient is a 75-year-old female who has smoked for 35 years and has a calcium-poor diet accompanied by chronic lower back and hip pain, the NeuroMuscular Therapist must allow for the possibility of osteoporosis or a recent hip fracture or replacement. In this circumstance, the therapist must work with the patient's primary care physician to construct a therapy that complements the patient's condition. Pelvic facilitation, erector spinae, quadratus lumborum and passive stretching procedures would be altered to fit her situation. Treatment Specific tools that a NeuroMuscular Therapist uses are the thumbs, fingers, elbows and pressure bars. Pressure bars are effective instruments for the release of deeper constrictions along the erector spinae musculature and at tendonous attachment sites throughout the body. NeuroMuscular Therapy addresses the release of tissues in layers, superficial to deep, and is performed at a moderate speed with light lubrication. Treating origins and insertions, as well as the belly of a muscle is also of critical importance. It doesn't require a great deal of pressure to be effective, which is a benefit to the patient. In the proper application of NMT, a "dig it out" mentality is never appropriate. The ability to palpate and effectively treat trigger points is an additional tool that is effective in treating myofascial pain and dysfunction. A trigger point is an area of elevated neurological activity located in fascia and the bellies of muscles that may refer pain in a localised or peripheral manner. When a trigger point is active, it can cause a substantial increase in a patient's myofascial pain locally or, in what seems to be a totally unrelated area of the body. If left untreated, a trigger point can prevent muscles from fully healing and ultimately have adverse long-term effects on other systems. The proper and judicious use of pressure, which includes the ability to feel constrictions and trigger points and know at what angle your thumb, finger or pressure bar might be best used, is critical in the effectiveness of the therapy. When NeuroMuscular Therapy is applied in this manner, it is very effective in releasing trigger points and tracking down the cause of a patient's pain. In my NeuroMuscular Therapy training workshops, I tell my students that in order to become superb NeuroMuscular Therapists, they must also become excellent "muscle detectives" and to be able to "dance with the muscles." Another means of increasing the effectiveness of NeuroMuscular Therapy is through the use of empowerment, in other words, getting the patient involved in his or her own wellness. In America, and particularly in the Southwestern United States, we say that "you can lead a horse to water, but you can't make it drink." So it is with people who are in pain. A therapist can suggest ways to help a person heal, using a number of tools, but if the patient refuses to actually use the tools, the therapist can't force the patient to feel better. Consistent consumption of water, multivitamins, B-12, B-6, stretching and a balanced diet, combined with effective hands-on therapy, will greatly enhance healing and reduce the amount of time the patient needs to undergo actual therapy. When the patient feels that he or she is truly in control of wellness and understands the mechanisms of their condition, long-term healing can occur. Laws of NeuroMuscular Therapy The NeuroMuscular Therapist also operates under a system of laws known as Pfluger's Laws, which illustrate acute to chronic pain patterns and how pain is distributed throughout the body. The nervous system is designed to produce normal muscle tonus at 30 stimuli per second. If, due to trauma, the nervous system is suddenly innervating the damaged tissues at perhaps 75 stimuli per second, it must respond in a more creative homoeostatic way to distribute the pain. The first step, according to the Law of Unilaterality, states that "if a mild irritation is applied to one or more sensory nerves, the movement will take place usually on one side only and that side which is irritated." As an illustration, if I were involved in a motor vehicle accident, injure my left shoulder and decline treatment of any kind, then my left shoulder would probably be very tender within a matter of minutes. Assuming that I continue without treatment and to ease the pain, drink substantial amounts of alcohol and take a very hot shower, the next day not only would the initial injury site be in pain, but so would the equal and opposite side. This illustrates the second law, the Law of Symmetry that says, "if the stimulation is sufficiently increased the motor reaction is manifested not only to the irritated side but also in similar muscles on the opposite side of the body." From a practical perspective if I can treat the unaffected side, the injured, painful area can be addressed without initial direct application of NMT. Still by way of illustration, the following day, if I continue to resist proper treatment of my condition, the pain would now have travelled back and intensified at the original injury site with a lesser pain still present on the opposite shoulder. This describes the third law, the Law of Intensity that states "reflex movements are usually more intense on the side of irritation and at times the movements of the opposite side equal them in intensity but they are usually less pronounced." The fourth law, the Law of Radiation, states that "if the excitation continues to increase it is propagated upwards and reactions take place through centrifugal nerves coming from the cord segments higher up." In other words, the pain will radiate upward from the site of the original injury toward the brain and then, failing alleviation, will radiate outward, creating a general contraction of all the muscles in the body. This is a very profound and unsettling series of events. If left untreated, I would, in all likelihood, awaken one morning unable to move with intense headache pain, accompanied by a general contraction of all the muscles from head to toe. Not only would the nervous and musculoskeletal systems be adversely affected but so would all of the other systems in the body, such as the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive and endocrine. This illustrates the fifth law, the Law of Generalisation that states "if the irritation becomes very intense it is propagated in the medulla oblongata, which becomes the focus from which the stimuli radiate to all parts of the cord causing a general contraction of all the muscles of the body." Unfortunately, if a patient arrives at this stage, they are often irritated by the seemingly do-nothing advice of the therapist. At this point, the best advice is to seek evaluation and treatment from a primary care physician and to RICE the body. Other integrative treatments that prove effective are to increase water consumption and to increase intake of vitamins, such as 1200 mcg of B-12 and 200 mg of B-6 per day in tablet form. NeuroMuscular Therapy, using as little as 2 grams of pressure, would be enough to significantly increase pain and further perpetuate muscle constrictions and trigger point referrals. Generally, within 48 to 72 hours, the patient's condition will have improved enough for healing body work to begin. Once NeuroMuscular Therapy has begun, treatment can literally "pull the plug" on pain by interrupting the source of abnormal stimulation. This decreases the electrical innervation to the muscles and viscera, therefore decreasing muscle spasms, ischemia and metabolic waste build-ups throughout the body. This has a cascading positive effect on the other systems in the body. It is critical to maintain consistent consumption of water (6-8 glasses/day), a good multivitamin and vitamins B-6 and B-12. Summary Proper intent, desire and training are prerequisites to becoming a qualified NeuroMuscular Therapist. Opening one's heart and mind to an endless realm of healing opportunities that ultimately benefit the patient is what integrative NeuroMuscular Therapy is about. It is my sincere desire that a more comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to pain erasure and management will be achieved in the future. Not only must we deal with a patient's existing value structure but those of other healthcare modalities as well. Suggested Readings: Travell JG and Simons DD. Myofascial Pain and Dysfunction: The Trigger Point Manual. 2 Vols. Williams and Wilkins. Baltimore. 1983. Chaitow Leon. Modern Neuromuscular Techniques. Churchill Livingstone Publishers. New Jersey. 1996. Caillet Rene. Low Back Pain Syndrome. FA Davis Company. Philadelphia. 1988. Upledger JE. Craniosacral Therapy and Craniosacral Therapy II: Beyond the Dura. Eastland Press. Chicago. 1987. * Courtesy- Peter Lane. http://lifepositive.com

Acupressure for Arthritis Pain

Although several points are listed that are beneficial, you do not have to use all these points; use l or 2 at your convenience.

1. (Li 4, Adjoining Valley) Li 4 helps relieve pain and inflammation in the hand, wrist, elbow, shoulder and neck.

Caution: Pregnant women should not press this point. as it can stimulate uterine contractions.

2. (Lv 2, Moving Between) This point is located in the web margin between the big toe and second toe. Use medium pressure with your index fingers, pressing on both feet at the same time if that is comfortable, otherwise one at a time.

3. (Gb 41, Falling Tears) This point is on the top of the foot, in the channel between the little toe and the 4th toe, slightly less than halfway between the ankle bone and the web margin between the toes ( closer to the toes). The pain and discomfort of rheumatoid arthritis, and the emotional response to that pain, can constrict the circulation of chi. This point is effective in restoring the flow. Press with your index or middle finger, using firm pressure. Start with light pressure, build up, hold, and gradually release.

4. (Gb 34, Yang Hill Spring) At the lower border of the kneecap, slide your finger off the shinbone toward the outside (little toe side). Two bones come together here. Press in the soft tissue area between them, using your index or index and middle fingers together. This is a major point in Acupuncture and Acupressure for nourishing the tendons and joints. It also has a strong effect on promoting the smooth flow of chi throughout the body. Obstruction to the smooth flow of chi causes pain and discomfort.

The following points on the palm of your hand are excellent for joint pain in general, and are also specific for rheumatoid arthritis.

On your palm, locate the area about one thumb width above the wrist crease and about one finger width on either side of the midline of the palm. Find the points in this area that are the most tender. Press with the thumb or the knuckles of the opposite hand. Use strong pressure. If the pain is worse on the left side of your body, use the points on the right hand for relief, and vice versa.

Live and Dry Layered Blood analysis

Pure Blood – Why is this Important? Your blood could be viewed as the river of life; it is the substance that carries oxygen, water and nutrients to all your organs and tissues. It therefore makes perfect sense, that imbalances seen in the blood will affect the organs and tissues, leading to malfunction and atrophy. If the red blood cells are anything other than perfect in shape, structure, flexibility and fluidity, then their ability to travel around the body and deliver the vital level of oxygen and nutrients is severely compromised. This translates into low energy production, fatigue and a general sense of feeling unwell. There are obviously many degrees of this. Live and Dry Layered Blood Analysis Although these two evaluation methods have been in existence for many years, their practice and acceptance in the mainstream of medicine is still very much underestimated or neglected altogether. Their not being taught at medical school is the main reason for this; GPs don't have the time or inclination to study further, when they are often bogged down with administration and an ever increasing patient load. Apart from anecdotal evidence and an arbitrary sentiment that the patient feels a bit better so much of complementary or alternative medicine has very little evidence that a positive change has taken place, that is, one that is acceptable to the orthodox doctor. One could argue of course that orthodox medicine has very little proof that a positive long-term change has occurred, as often only the symptoms of 'dis-ease' have been suppressed, often to recur later as something more serious! When a patient sees their blood on a TV monitor and then compares it with a picture of the ideal, the response is often interesting. It varies from one of shock and horror to one of determination that their blood one day will look like that. Some, of course, resign themselves to the fact that they will never have perfect blood; these are often the ones not yet ready to make positive change in their lives, or have other priorities! The history of Live and Dry Blood analysis is a fascinating one and worthy of further research. It has been adopted by many eminent researchers over the last 80 years for the purpose of identifying the physiological and biochemical cause of disease processes. Images of Live and Dry Layered Blood have been captured and recorded and it has been the experiences of many researchers that certain medical conditions produce the same images in blood time and again. In many cases a patient can sound surprised when informed of a condition which they hadn't revealed to their practitioners. In a nutshell, we know what the healthy optimum blood sample should look like, and we know what is not healthy; most people are somewhere in between! Achieving perfect blood is not always the answer to everyone's ailments, but it can, in the long-term, go some way towards correcting the problem and maintaining their health for many years to come. In addition to this, knowing one has optimum blood provides for a certain degree of confidence and peace of mind, safe in the knowledge, that they are less likely to succumb to some chronic illness, although this is never guaranteed. Periodic monitoring of blood provides insights into the nutritional or lifestyle changes necessary to maintain healthy blood and thus a healthy body. It is important to point out that Live and Dried Blood analysis is not a diagnostic tool and will not say whether one has this or that disease! It will, however, identify and illuminate the imbalances which are leading to, or have already led to, a worsening of the current condition. Procedures Live Blood Analysis The clinical application of Live Blood analysis involves the accurate taking of a small drop of blood from the fingertip and placing it on a slide for observation under a special microscope. The images are then projected onto a TV monitor or a computer for the practitioner and the patient to observe together. This observation process tends to involve the patient more closely in their own unique physiological make-up and therapy, and increases personal interest in their own health program. The observations are recorded and a description of the implications of the picture is then transmitted to the patient. The results and images are then recorded for comparison at the next appointment. This provides the undeniable proof that a positive change towards the ideal blood sample has taken place. This invariably coincides with a noticeable reduction in signs and symptoms of ill health. The patient leaves the clinic happy and confident that their changes to diet and lifestyle have paid off and will contribute to their long-term wellbeing. Dry Layered Blood Analysis This test involves taking eight to ten spots of blood on a slide, allowing them to dry, and then observing the patterns that form under the microscope. The patterns that form provide us with insights into the imbalances present in the organs and systems of the body. The dry blood spot is considered to be a hologram of the human body, a little like the eye in iridology, i.e. the different rings in the sample represent a different part of the body. Therefore, wherever the abnormality appears in the bloodspot tells us approximately where the problem is occurring in the body. Another important aspect of this test is that each spot represents a time frame; the first and largest spot of blood taken reflects the current day, the latter spots provide a reflection of the patient's health, many months or even years ago, and will highlight the deeper seated or chronic issues underlying the current symptomlogy. How this historical view works is little understood; however, it has been the observations of many researchers that as a person heals, it is the first and largest blood spot on the slide that corrects itself towards the healthy sample first, followed by the second and then the third, etc., etc., over a period of months, as the patient's health problems reverse. These observations are cross-referenced with existing medical conditions or signs and symptoms. For example, if one sees evidence of irritation in the bowel, the patient will report symptoms of irritable bowel such as bloating, gas and alternating diarrhoea and constipation. The apparent symptoms support and confirm the observations made in the blood, and lead to more credible identification of the problem and thus more successful treatment protocols. Returning the Blood and Body to its Healthy State Blood cells can be likened to fish in a fish tank, i.e. if the fish get sick, then changing the water they swim in is a sensible first option. Therefore, healthy cells live in a healthy environment, i.e. one free of pollutants, harmful bacteria, parasites, etc. Healthy cells can also only survive in an environment that maintains an optimum pH. With Live Blood analysis, one can assess the terrain in which the cells are floating. For example, if the terrain is too acidic then the red cells will behave in a way which will compromise their ability to circulate freely around the body to deliver oxygen. This phenomenon is called Rouleau and shows the red cells sticking together in chains. As some capillaries are only one cell in diameter, the red cells cannot deliver their vital cargo of oxygen to the tissues. This naturally leads to fatigued muscles, lack of energy, brain fog, etc., etc. The body is equipped with many mechanisms to enable it to maintain the blood in a pure and healthy state. These are the elimination channels and filtering organs. These consist of the Lymph, Liver, Kidneys, Lungs, Bowels and Skin. The efficiency of these channels can alter over time and is perfectly illustrated by the changes observed as a human grows from a baby, with a very pure and untarnished blood stream, (dependent on the nutrition of the mother of course, during pregnancy and weaning) to that of a teenager with acne and then on to middle-age where the body is developing signs of toxicity and ageing. Many things can be observed in blood; some are very easy to identify and the causative factors are obvious to the trained eye. Other observations, particularly in the Dry Layered sample require more lateral thinking and are open to various interpretations. This is where back up testing is vital. For example, if three tests all point to the same imbalance, then one can approach the issues with more surety. The pictures throughout the article illustrate a number of common findings in Live and Dry Layered Blood. The pictures were taken from a variety of patients with various conditions, symptoms and signs of ill health. It is interesting to note, that whatever name the condition is given, the same imbalances appear in the blood, seemingly manifesting in different ways in different people. Further Reading Aloisio T. Blood Never Lies. Llumina Press. 2004. Young R. The pH Miracle. Warner Books. 2003. Coyle M. The Four Main Causes of Illness. Nu Life Sciences. 2000. Abdrushin. In the Light of Truth. Grail Acre Publishing. 1971. *Coutesy- David Parker, http://positivehealth.com